[118], The sinologist Paul Pelliot thought that Polo might have served as an officer of the government salt monopoly in Yangzhou, which was a position of some significance that could explain the exaggeration. The Dominican father Francesco Pipino was the author of a translation into Latin, Iter Marci Pauli Veneti in 1302, just a few years after Marco's return to Venice. [40] Polo armed a galley equipped with a trebuchet[41] to join the war. These collections of maps were signed by Polo's three daughters, Fantina, Bellela and Moreta. A la curiosidad por esos bárbaros, tenidos hasta entonces como seres casi mitológicos, se le suma en lo político la posibilidad de obtener un aliado contra el enemigo islámico, una forma más ventajosa de negociar con Oriente en lo económico, y un deseo evangelizador, dada la gran tolerancia religiosa de los mongoles. He was probably caught by Genoans in a skirmish in 1296, off the Anatolian coast between Adana and the Gulf of Alexandretta[42] (and not during the battle of Curzola (September 1298), off the Dalmatian coast,[43] a claim which is due to a later tradition (16th century) recorded by Giovanni Battista Ramusio. He was an Italian trader and explorer.He was one of the first Europeans to explore Central Asia and East Asia.Many other explorers, including Christopher Columbus, looked up to him.He could speak four languages. Marco Polo. In 1292, Kublai's great-nephew, then ruler of Persia, sent representatives to China in search of a potential wife, and they asked the Polos to accompany them, so they were permitted to return to Persia with the wedding party—which left that same year from Zaitun in southern China on a fleet of 14 junks. [116] According to the "Yuanshi" records, Boluo was released at the request of the emperor himself, and was then transferred to the region of Ningxia, in the northeast of present-day China, in the spring of 1275. With people you love, texts and social media don’t give you the whole picture and calls are hard to schedule. Hunter and the Sable Weaver 56m. Biografía de Marco Polo www.librosmaravillosos.com C. Verdejo 6 Preparado por Patricio Barros Capítulo 2 Infancia En el «palazzo» veneciano de los Polo había alegría y dolor, risas y lágrimas. Over one hundred black-and-white illustrations bring Marco Polo's story to life. [105] Marco Polo even observed Chinese nautical inventions such as the watertight compartments of bulkhead partitions in Chinese ships, knowledge of which he was keen to share with his fellow Venetians. [85] [24] This genealogy, described by Ramusio, is not universally accepted as there is no additional evidence to support it.[26][27]. For instance, did Polo exert "political authority" (seignora) in Yangzhou or merely "sojourn" (sejourna) there. [68], The book opens with a preface describing his father and uncle travelling to Bolghar where Prince Berke Khan lived. On their arrival there, Messer Nicolas found that his wife was dead and that she had left behind her a son of fifteen years of age, whose name was Marco". [38] However, around 1291, he finally granted permission, entrusting the Polos with his last duty: accompany the Mongol princess Kököchin, who was to become the consort of Arghun Khan, in Persia (see Narrative section). biography. [nb 1] On reaching the Yuan court, the Polos presented the sacred oil from Jerusalem and the papal letters to their patron. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married, and had three children. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. Biografía de Marco Polo nació el 15 de Septiembre de 1254 en Venecia y falleció a sus 69 años, el 8 o 9 (no se sabe exactamente) de Enero de 1324, igualmente en Venecia. For example, the opening introduction in The Book of Marvels to "emperors and kings, dukes and marquises" was lifted straight out of an Arthurian romance Rustichello had written several years earlier, and the account of the second meeting between Polo and Kublai Khan at the latter's court is almost the same as that of the arrival of Tristan at the court of King Arthur at Camelot in that same book. Estas traducciones, incluso las más tempranas, son a menudo bastante diferentes entre sí y contienen numerosos detalles contradictorios y controvertidos. A year later, they went to Ukek[69] and continued to Bukhara. The Polos wanted to sail straight into China, but the ships there were not seaworthy, so they continued overland through the Silk Road, until reaching Kublai's summer palace in Shangdu, near present-day Zhangjiakou. [31] Their decision to leave Constantinople proved timely. Divisata con cinque cronologie. ", Then the two brothers and their son Marc said: "Great Lord, in our entourage we have men who will build such mangonels which launch such great stones, that the inhabitants of the city will not endure it and will immediately surrender. They had travelled almost 15,000 miles (24,000 km). [60][61], Polo related his memoirs orally to Rustichello da Pisa while both were prisoners of the Genova Republic. [7] Around 1291, the Polos also offered to accompany the Mongol princess Kököchin to Persia; they arrived around 1293. the role of Dominican missionaries in China[86] and in the Indies[87]), it is reasonable to think that they considered Marco's book as a trustworthy piece of information for missions in the East. [91] Doubts have also been raised in later centuries about Marco Polo's narrative of his travels in China, for example for his failure to mention the Great Wall of China, and in particular the difficulties in identifying many of the place names he used[92] (the great majority, however, have since been identified). A total of about 150 copies in various languages are known to exist. [131] "If Marco was a liar," Haw writes, "then he must have been an implausibly meticulous one. It is possible that he became a government official;[29] he wrote about many imperial visits to China's southern and eastern provinces, the far south and Burma. At the council, Pope Gregory X promulgated a new Crusade to start in 1278 in liaison with the Mongols. ISBN 0 415 34850 1", "Pierre Racine, " Marco Polo, marchand ou reporter ? Después de morir y estudiar sus historias relatadas en la obra de su propia autoría, “Millón: la división del Mundo”, Marco Polo fue considerado etnógrafo y antropól… A primeira tradução portuguesa foi impressa em 1508, com o título “Livro de Marco Polo”. Foi daquelas terras que Marco Polo trouxe a bússola, que depois permitiu aos europeus empreenderem as expedições marítimas que conduziram à descoberta de novas terras. However, some records prove he was not the first nor the only one. According to David Morgan no Chinese source mentions him as either a friend of the Emperor or as the governor of Yangzhou – indeed no Chinese source mentions Marco Polo at all. pàg.) Her conclusion fails to consider all the evidence supporting Marco Polo's credibility. Nascido na cidade de Veneza, na Itália, Marco Polo veio ao mundo em uma época em que os europeus não tinham conhecimento algum sobre a Ásia. [123] Haw also objected to the approach to finding mention of Marco Polo in Chinese texts, contending that contemporaneous Europeans had little regard for using surnames, and a direct Chinese transcription of the name "Marco" ignores the possibility of him taking on a Chinese or even Mongol name that had no bearing or similarity with his Latin name.[122]. Let Marco Polo help you make the most of your trip. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. Sin embargo, no era posible que un hombre, aun dotado de una portentosa fantasía, imaginara todo aquello. Sin embargo, la historiografía moderna tiene serias dudas de este origen, pues el apellido Polo (de origen veneciano) aparece mencionado varias veces en ciudades del norte de Italia. He died in 1324 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice. Marco Polo había regresado de sus viajes trayendo consigo grandes riquezas, entre las cuales quizás la más valiosa era la experiencia acumulada a lo largo de veinticuatro años de ausencia. Oír mencionar el nombre de Marco Polo nos traslada a una época en la que viajar no era solo una aventura, sino que era una peligrosísima empresa solo al alcance de unos pocos. A su regreso de China en 1295 (escoltando a una princesa china llamada Kokacín), la familia de Marco Polo se estableció en Venecia donde se convirtió en una sensación y atrajo a multitud de oyentes, que a duras penas creían sus historias sobre la lejana China. [102] It has also been noted by other scholars that many of the things not mentioned by Marco Polo such as tea and chopsticks were not mentioned by other travellers as well. Marco Polo (Venecia, actual Italia, 1254 - id., 1324) Explorador y mercader veneciano. [10][11][12] His father, Niccolò Polo, had his household in Venice and left Marco's mother pregnant in order to travel to Asia with his brother Maffeo Polo. [19], Since Dominican fathers had among their missions that of evangelizing foreign peoples (cf. [c]​[18]​, Es posible que, como era habitual en Génova, la «prisión» consistiera en estar confinado en casa de alguna familia, pero en cualquier caso Marco pasó los pocos meses de su encierro dictando a Rustichello un detallado relato de sus viajes por las entonces desconocidas regiones de Extremo Oriente. [145], The airport in Venice is named Venice Marco Polo Airport. [122], Haw explains how the earliest manuscripts of Polo's accounts provide contradicting information about his role in Yangzhou, with some stating he was just a simple resident, others stating he was a governor, and Ramusio's manuscript claiming he was simply holding that office as a temporary substitute for someone else, yet all the manuscripts concur that he worked as an esteemed emissary for the khan. [14]​ Una de las rutas comerciales que de allí partían era la del mar Negro y en ella se especializaron, hasta el punto de que disponían de una casa en el puerto de Soldaia, el principal emporio comercial italiano de Crimea.[15]​. Cavadas, José Manuel da Rocha (10 de diciembre de 2014). Posee una serie homónima en Netflix, Lorenzo Richelmy interpreta a un joven Marco Polo que pasa de ser prisionero de Kublai Khan (Benedict Wong) a convertirse en uno de sus mejores aliados y amigos. [28] His father later married Floradise Polo (née Trevisan). [33][34][25] Meanwhile, Marco Polo's mother died, and an aunt and uncle raised him. [138] The 1453 Fra Mauro map was said by Giovanni Battista Ramusio (disputed by historian/cartographer Piero Falchetta, in whose work the quote appears) to have been partially based on the one brought from Cathay by Marco Polo: That fine illuminated world map on parchment, which can still be seen in a large cabinet alongside the choir of their monastery [the Camaldolese monastery of San Michele di Murano] was by one of the brothers of the monastery, who took great delight in the study of cosmography, diligently drawn and copied from a most beautiful and very old nautical map and a world map that had been brought from Cathay by the most honourable Messer Marco Polo and his father. [115] In fact, in the 1960s the German historian Herbert Franke noted that all occurrences of Po-lo or Bolod (an Altaic word meaning "steel") in Yuan texts were names of people of Mongol or Turkic extraction. . Apoyó a los cruzados como manera de contrarrestar al islam y mantuvo un largo conflicto con Génova por el predominio comercial. [104] Marco Polo himself noted (in the Toledo manuscript) the dainty walk of Chinese women who took very short steps. En tiempos de Marco Polo este Gran Kan era Kublai Kan. El mundo conocido por los europeos no iba mucho más allá del actual Oriente Medio. [39] Haw also pointed out that despite the few omissions, Marco Polo's account is more extensive, more accurate and more detailed than those of other foreign travellers to China in this period. [29] He received a good education, learning mercantile subjects including foreign currency, appraising, and the handling of cargo ships;[29] he learned little or no Latin. "[132], In 2012, the University of Tübingen Sinologist and historian Hans Ulrich Vogel released a detailed analysis of Polo's description of currencies, salt production and revenues, and argued that the evidence supports his presence in China because he included details which he could not have otherwise known. Marco Polo reports that he was moved to Hangzhou the following year, in 1284. [13], His first known ancestor was a great uncle, Marco Polo (the older) from Venice, who lent some money and commanded a ship in Costantinople. [56], He divided up the rest of his assets, including several properties, among individuals, religious institutions, and every guild and fraternity to which he belonged. [54] He ordered 220 soldi be paid to Giovanni Giustiniani for his work as a notary and his prayers. En 1271, Marco Polo se unió a su padre y su tío en su viaje a Asia; tomaron con ellos dos sacerdotes. Rustichello wrote Devisement du Monde in Franco-Venetian language, which was the language of culture widespread in northern Italy between the subalpine belt and the lower Po between the 13th and 15th centuries. Marco Polo was born in 1254 in Venice, capital of the Venetian Republic. En el transcurso del conflicto Marco fue capturado y encarcelado por los genoveses. [1]​ Fue enterrado en la iglesia de San Lorenzo, donde también reposaban los restos de su padre, Niccolò,[23]​ aunque su sarcófago desapareció durante las obras de reconstrucción en 1592. In fact, Polo does not even imply that he had led 1,000 personnel. [24][25] His grandfather, Andrea Polo of the parish of San Felice, had three sons, Maffeo, yet another Marco, and the traveller's father Niccolò. Peter D'Abano kept the drawing in his volume "Conciliator Differentiarum, quæ inter Philosophos et Medicos Versantur". De acuerdo a las narraciones de los viajes de Marco Polo, escritos por Rustichello de Piza, el comerciante veneciano habría servido por 23 años al entonces emperador de Mongolia y China, Kublai Kan, llegando incluso a ser gobernador de la ciudad de … Marco Polo's travels may have had some influence on the development of European cartography, ultimately leading to the European voyages of exploration a century later. 1 Marco Polo creció en Venecia en la Edad Media. [50][51], Pietro d'Abano philosopher, doctor and astrologer based in Padua, reports having spoken with Marco Polo about what he had observed in the vault of the sky during his travels. Marco Polo works when you have a moment to talk, even if your schedules don’t match. The two-year voyage was a perilous one—of the six hundred people (not including the crew) in the convoy only eighteen had survived (including all three Polos). En la primera mitad del siglo XIV d. C. en su obra Imago Mundi seu Chronica, el fraile dominico Jacopo d'Acqui afirmó que Marco fue hecho prisionero en 1296 tras una batalla marítima entre mercaderes genoveses y venecianos en las cercanías de Layas, aunque la fecha real de la batalla corresponde a 1294, el año anterior a la llegada de Marco a Venecia. For example, Sinologist Francis Woodman Cleaves noted that Polo's account of the voyage of the princess Kököchin from China to Persia to marry the Īl-khān in 1293 has been confirmed by a passage in the 15th-century Chinese work Yongle Encyclopedia and by the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in his work Jami' al-tawarikh. 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