The military history of the Russian Empire encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Russian Empire participated. In the 1700s, Russian warm seas expansion presented a large and growing threat to the Ottoman Empire. In a characteristic show of bravado Peter the Great arrived as an artilleryman. This problem was compounded by the insufficiency of the Russian supply line, which forced the Russians to withdraw every winter.[48][50]. However, he was recalled to the army in 1798–1799 Russian troops led by Suvorov performed brilliantly in Italy and Switzerland. Fermor, a clean-cut and intelligent Baltic German and a student of Lacy and Münnich, made his soldiers' welfare one of his primary concerns. Russian and Austrian strategic goals differed, with Russia concerned mainly with East Prussia and Austria, Silesia. with the Swedes, keeping Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and part of southern Finland (especially Saint Petersburg) in exchange for the return of most of Finland to the Swedes and the payment of 2 million silver riksdaler. 1897 - … [13], Although his first attack on Azov proved to be a farce, Peter was tenacious. What is now Estonia and Livonia, weakly defended, fell quickly. The Northern War left Russia as the dominant power in Northern Europe, and gave it firm control over the Baltic and thus a "window to the west". Peter II was not yet 12 years old, and Menshikov aggressively maneuvered to strengthen his position; he married Peter to his own daughter, brought him into his own household, and began to methodically weaken his opponents in the Privy Council. Nicholas easily overcame the revolt, and the Decembrists who remained alive were arrested. However, at the age of 17, he still had little interest in military manners, and passed on his rule to his mother, Natalya Naryshkina. Losses had been roughly even, but the small Prussian force could ill afford its casualties. [45][46], The sudden growth of Prussia shifted the balance of power in Europe greatly. War Belligerents (excluding Denmark) Outcome Allies Enemies 793–1066 Viking invasions of England ... 1700–1720 Great Northern War ... Russia (until 1799) The Russian officer corps had been fashioned into an elite force during Peter the Great's reign, but his policies had been abolished and command corps had fallen into disrepair. Fredrick coordinated a spectacular victory over the French at Rossbach, one he followed with costlier but equally decisive victory over the Austrians at Leuthen. He increased the number of artillery pieces per infantry units, and redistributed grenadiers among them to increase their effectiveness. The most direct path between the Russian camp to the north and Poltava was through treacherous forest and marsh, and thus Peter foresaw that any Swedish attack would double around the left, heading west before turning north through open ground towards the Russian army. Overall, the many Swedish losses on the home front put a large dent in the Swedish economy, already strained by the effects of the war. The Swedish line broke and scattered, and 10,000 Swedes were killed or captured; most of the rest were captured on the banks of the Dnieper by Menshikov. Because of the large distances involved, the Russian army would need a long supply train, and any one campaign would be vulnerable to getting cut off by actions against this baggage trail. The result was the Great Northern War (1700-21) between Russia and Sweden with Peter emerging victorious and obtaining the Baltic territories for his Empire. This standardized government positions and allowed officers to accurately gauge their relative importance; there was no table for common men. Thus, with a need for shipbuilding knowledge and a desire to develop a mighty coalition against the Turks, Peter organized a 250-man expedition for Europe in March 1697. Seeing that he was unable to reclaim East Prussia, Fredrick turned his attention to the Austrians, invading the providence of Moravia. [3][7], Peter personally studied soldiers and sailors from the bottom up, serving in the rank and file before promoting himself into the officer corps. The 1793 partition led to an anti-Russian and anti-Prussian uprising in Poland, which ended with the third partition in 1795. The major fortress of Azov lay in the east and denied access to the Sea of Azov, and the Crimean Tatars controlled the whole of the north shore of the Black Sea. But Charles then turns south against … 'Battle of Lesnaya' by Jean-Marc Nattier (1717) In 1707 King Charles XII of Sweden invaded Russia from Sweden hoping to capture Moscow. The war had also bettered Russia's position with respect to its Polish rival, which came to a head much later under Catherine the Great with the First Partition of Poland. Furthermore, the area was defended by several major rivers flowing into the Black Sea, each with Turkish fortresses alongside it. Baptism of Vladimir and further Christianization of Kievan Rus'. Making no secret of his contempt for all things Russian, Peter created deep resentment by forcing Prussian military drills on the Russian military, attacking the Russian Orthodox Church, and depriving Russia of a military victory by establishing his sudden alliance with Prussia. [36][37], Anna had few friends in the Russian government due to her time in Courland, and intense distrust towards the Russian nobility that had tried to slight her once already. Such a maneuver required precise timing and great skill, things his highly skilled army very much possessed. Two revolutions in 1917 changed Russia for good. Greece Finding promises of release from serfdom insufficient, Peter began drafting soldiers, starting with a levy calling for 1 man for every 50 households. Russia, meanwhile, had clashed with France time and time again, and was searching for allies against an increasingly diplomatically aggressive France and an increasingly powerful Prussia. This plan was hampered in September 1708 when the Russians captured Swedish supplies and reinforcements at the Battle of Lesnaya in modern-day Belarus. Cambridge University Press, 2004. The new emperor drilled the Russian army on the Prussian model, which resulted in conflict with Suvorov and his subsequent removal and self-imposed exile. Thus, Alexander I became the constitutional monarch of Poland while remaining the autocratic tsar of Russia. Lacy once again invaded Crimea for the third time, and once again produced no lasting results. Suvorov's leadership also played a key role in Russian victory over Poles during the Kościuszko Uprising.[57]. Following the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War with the Ottoman Empire in 1768, the parties agreed to the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji in 1774. Unlike the prikazy they replaced, colleges could not make a decision without a consensus of their members, so-called "governance by board" that helped stifle wayward decisions as well as corruption. The Decembrist Revolt was the first open breach between the government and liberal elements, a breach that would subsequently widen. His position on his western and southern flanks was now temporarily secure, and British funds, impressed by the Prussian victories, were now pouring in again. Thus, the bulk of continental fighting was taken up by the Austrian-Russian alliance against Prussia. The gesture did not save Biron from the many enemies he had made over the course of Anna's rule, and he was exiled to Siberia within three weeks of her death. Although the Prussians lost the element of surprise, the Russians were now in a vulnerable position, as their backs now stood against the river and the surrounding swamp. In return, Peter was able to extricate himself from the situation, and continued to hold a dominant position in the Great Northern War. Azov surrendered in June. 1877-78 - Russian-Turkish War sees Russia seize land from Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus and establish client states in the Balkans. 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